group work! 08-09-07

PGA Processor

- The pin grid array or PGA is a type of packaging used for integrated circuits, particularly microprocessors.
On a PGA, the integrated circuit (IC) is mounted in a ceramic slab of which one face is covered, or partially covered, in a square array of metal pins. The pins can then be inserted into the holes in a printed circuit board and soldered in place. They are almost always spaced 2.54 mm (a tenth of an inch) apart. For a given number of pins, this type of package occupies less space than older types such as the dual in-line package (DIP).

Examples of FC-PGA2 Package Type Processors:

- Pentium 4 processor

- Pentium III processor

- Intel Celeron processor

LGA Processor
- Short for Land Grid Array, LGA is the interface used to connect Intel Pentium 4 processors and AMD Opteron to the computer motherboard.
The LGA is a type of surface-mount packaging used for integrated circuits. It can be electrically connected to a PCB either by the use of a socket or by soldering directly to the PCB.
The LGA is used as a physical interface for microprocessors of the Intel Pentium 4 and AMD Opteron families. Unlike the pin grid array (PGA) interface found on most AMD and Intel processors, there are no pins on the chip; in place of the pins are pads of bare gold-plated copper that touch pins on the motherboard.

Examples of LGA Processor:

Intel Core 2 Quad Q6600 Processor

Intel Core 2 Extreme QX6850 Quad-Core Processor

Casing System

Antec "Performance One" P190 Enclosure

ATX Model

Micro ATX Model

Cooling System

Thermaltake Toughpower 1200-watt Modular PSU

Latest Buses

PCI Bus

PCI Express Bus

Intel VS AMD

Intel Architecture/Technology

Benefits: (all information acquired)
Intel® Core™ microarchitecture
Intel® Core™ microarchitecture: Higher performance, greater energy efficiency, and more responsive multitasking for enhanced user experiences in all environments.
Intel® Quad-Core technology
Intel® Quad-Core processors deliver four complete execution cores within a single processor, delivering unprecedented performance and responsiveness in multithreaded and multitasking business and home use environments.
Intel® 65nm technology
Additional transistors deliver advanced capabilities—from dual- and multi-cores and improved cache, to innovative technologies such as virtualization and security.
45nm Hi-k metal gate technology
With more than 400 million transistors for dual-core processors and more than 800 million for quad-core, the 45nm family introduces new microarchitecture features for greater performance and new levels of energy efficiency.
Intel® next generation architecture—"Nehalem"
Nehalem is a truly dynamic and design-scalable microarchitecture that will deliver both performance on demand and optimal price/performance/energy efficiency for each platform.
Intel® 64 architecture
Intel 64 architecture improves performance by allowing systems to address more than 4 GB of both virtual and physical memory.
New instruction set innovation—SSE4
Streaming SIMD Extensions 4 (SSE4) is Intel's largest ISA extension in terms of scope and impact since SSE2 and offers dozens of new innovative instructions.
Technology
Intel® Virtualization Technology
Intel Virtualization Technology enables client and server virtualization solutions with the ability to take advantage of integrated processor functions to help deliver more efficient solution stacks and improved solution performance.
Intel® Active Management Technology (Intel® AMT)
Intel AMT provides built-in manageability that dramatically improves IT efficiency by making it easier to discover, heal and protect network platforms across your enterprise.
First delivered in 2005
Hyper-Threading Technology
Hyper-Threading Technology provides thread-level parallelism on each processor, resulting in more efficient use of processor resources, higher processing throughput, and improved performance on today's multithreaded software.
First delivered in 2002
Intel® QuickAssist Technology
Under the banner of the Intel QuickAssist Technology, Intel is providing strategic support for accelerators through several major initiatives.
PCI Express* Technology
PCI Express technology provides a scalable serial I/O attach point across client, communications and server platforms.
First delivered in 2005Generation 2 enabled systems expected.
Geneseo technology
Geneseo technology has been proposed by IBM and Intel to further enhance PCI Express technology specifically for emerging requirements of accelerators.

AMD Architecture/Technology

AMD Architecture, LC is a woman owned firm specializing in environmentally sustainable architecture. Founded in 1997 by Angela Dean, AIA, the goal of AMD is to design spaces that meet aesthetic, functional and budgetary needs that enrich spiritual and physical well-being. We believe that good design is both healthy for the occupants as well as for the environment.

In February 1982, AMD signed a contract with Intel, becoming a licensed second-source manufacturer of 8086 and 8088 processors. IBM wanted to use the Intel 8088 in its IBM PC, but IBM's policy at the time was to require at least two sources for its chips. AMD later produced the Am286 under the same arrangement, but Intel canceled the agreement in 1986 and refused to convey technical details of the i386 part.
AMD challenged Intel's decision to cancel the agreement and won in arbitration, but Intel disputed this decision. A long legal dispute followed, ending in 1994 when the Supreme Court of California sided with AMD. Subsequent legal disputes centered on whether AMD had legal rights to use derivatives of Intel's microcode. In the face of uncertainty, AMD was forced to develop "clean room" versions of Intel code.
In 1991, AMD released the Am386, its clone of the Intel 386 processor. It took less than a year for the company to sell a million units. Later, the Am486 was used by a number of large OEMs, including Compaq, and proved popular. Another Am486-based product, the Am5x86, continued AMD's success as a low-price alternative. However, as product cycles shortened in the PC industry, the process of reverse engineering Intel's products became an ever less viable strategy for AMD.

IT 213 Assignment #1

The History of Intel

Intel was founded on July 18, 1968 with one main goal in mind: to make semiconductor memory more practicle. Intels first microprocessor, the 4004 microcomputer, was released at the end of 1971. The chip was smaller then a thumbnail, contained 2300 transistors, and was capable of executing 60,000 operations in one second. Shortly after the release of th 4004 the 8008 microcomputer was released and was capable of executing twice as many operations per second then the 4004. Intels commitment to the microprocessor led to IBM's choice of Intel's 8088 chip for the CPU of the its first PC. In 1982, Intel introduced the first 286 chip, it contained 134,000 transistors and provided around three times the performance of the other microprocessors at the time. In 1989 the 486 processor was released that contained 1.2 million transistors and the first built in math coprocessor. The chip was approximately 50 times faster then Intels original 4004 processor and equaled the performance of a powerful mainframe computer. In 1993 Intel introduced the Pentium processor, which was five times as fast as the 486, it contained 3.1 million transistors, and was capable of 90 million instructions per second (MIPS). In 1995 Intel introduced its new technology, MMX, MMX was designed to enhance the computers multimedia performance. Throughout the years that followed Intel released several lines of processors including the Celeron, the P2, P3, and P4. Intel processors now reach speeds upwards of 2200 MHZ or 2.2 GHZ.

Amdahl's law

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The speedup of a program using multiple processors in parallel computing is limited by the sequential fraction of the program. For example, if 0.5 portion of the program is sequential, the theoretical maximum speedup using parallel computing would be 2 as shown in the diagram no matter how many processors are used. i.e. (1/(0.5+(1-0.5)/N)) when N is very big

Amdahl's law, named after computer architect Gene Amdahl, is used to find the maximum expected improvement to an overall system when only part of the system is improved. It is often used in parallel computing to predict the theoretical maximum speedup using multiple processors.

The generalized Amdahl's law is:

where:

• is a percentage of the instructions that can be improved (or slowed),
• is the speed-up multiplier (where 1 is no speed-up and no slowing),
• represents a label for each different percentage and speed-up, and
• is the number of different speed-up/slow-downs resulting from the system change.

Moore's Law

Gordon Moore's original graph from 1965

Growth of transistor counts for Intel processors (dots) and Moore's Law (upper line=18 months; lower line=24 months)

For the observation regarding information retrieval, see Mooers' Law.

Moore's Law is the empirical observation made in 1965 that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit for minimum component cost doubles every 24 months.It is attributed to Gordon E. Moore (born 1929), a co-founder of Intel. Although it is sometimes quoted as every 18 months, Intel's official Moore's Law page, as well as an interview with Gordon Moore himself, state that it is every two years.

Founders of Intel

Gordon E. Moore Chairman Emeritus of the board Gordon E. Moore is the retired chairman and CEO of Intel Corporation. Moore co-founded Intel in 1968, serving initially as executive vice president. He became president and CEO in 1975 and held that post until elected chairman and CEO in 1979. He remained CEO until 1987 and was named chairman emeritus in 1997. Moore is widely known for "Moore's Law," in which in 1965 he predicted that the number of components the industry would be able to place on a computer chip would double every year. In 1975, he updated his prediction to once every two years. It has become the guiding principle for the semiconductor industry to deliver ever-more-powerful chips while decreasing the cost of electronics. Moore earned a bachelor's in chemistry from the University of California at Berkeley in 1950 and a Ph.D. in chemistry and physics from the California Institute of Technology in 1954. He was born in San Francisco on Jan. 3, 1929. He is a director of Gilead Sciences Inc., a member of the National Academy of Engineering, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Engineers. Moore also serves on the board of trustees of the California Institute of Technology. He received the National Medal of Technology in 1990 and the Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian honor, from George W. Bush in 2002.

Group #2
1. Michael Angelo L. Orsonal
2. Rojie Urbane Alpas
3. May Ann Palomo
4. Jessa Mae Ulep
5. Rosella Amores
6. Johnwell Mahipus